Sovereign Nation Era Ends 1800-1827

1813-1814

Red Stick rebellion

Map of sites of the Creek War. Image: U.S. National Park Service
Map of sites of the Creek War. Image: U.S. National Park Service

Muscogee Creek Upper Towns in Georgia and Alabama lead a resistance movement to support traditional culture and preservation of communal lands and resist further American encroachment and land cessions. This movement leads to internal tensions within Creek Lower and Upper Towns, leading to the outbreak of the Creek War in 1813. Eventually, the internal Muscogee conflict draws in U.S. forces. The Red Sticks in southern Alabama attack Americans at Fort Sims.

Native Resistance